Jean-François Champollion, a genius who discovered the code of the ancient Egyptian language, also known as Champollion le jeune, was a French philologist and orientalist known primarily as the decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphs and a founding figure in the field of Egyptology. He is one of the most valuable personalities who helped humanity- along with great support from his brother Jacques-Joseph Champollion- to take a big step towards understanding the human past.
Rosetta stone~ British Museum, London ~ photo by Gloria Bolton
Just imagine these words (holography) written on this vast stone were not decipherable. But now we are not illiterate anymore!
Here, we read an exciting introduction by Marie Grillot about a brilliant Egyptologist and her research on this genius of decoding ancient language. PS: I wish there could also be a translated clip!
Jean-François Champollion in Egypt: an interview with Karine Madrigal
Jean-François Champollion, “The Younger”, decipherer of hieroglyphs, founder of Egyptology Figeac, December 23, 1790 – Paris, March 4, 1832 Portrait representing him in Egyptian clothing, made by Salvatore Cherubini in Medinet Habou, in July 1829 – acquired by the Musée Champollion de Vif in June 2022
“Jean-François Champollion in Egypt”: an interview with Egyptologist Karine Madrigal (centre) directed and filmed in Malqatta by Marie Grillot & Pascal Pelletier
To discuss “Jean-François Champollion in Egypt”, it is in Louqsor that we found the Egyptologist Karine Madrigal…
Since July 2010, she has been studying the 60 volumes of archives of the Champollion brothers deposited in the Departmental Archives of Isère. Through this incredibly rich source, nothing that links the two brothers is foreign to her…
On the one hand, Jacques-Joseph Champollion-Figeac, the eldest, and on the other, Jean-François Champollion, known as “the young one”. Twelve years separate them, Jacques-Joseph will be the godfather of his younger brother and… his pygmalion… He will help and assist him in his education, studies, research, and obsessive quest to understand writing from ancient Egypt.
The Champollion “brothers”: Jean-François Champollion “the Younger” on the left and Jacques-Joseph Champollion “Figeac” on the right Paintings by Victorine-Angélique-Amélie de Rumilly were exhibited at the Musée de Vif in Isère.
This hard work led to the presentation, on September 27, 1822, at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris, of his famous “Letter to Mr. Dacier”, which would be the founding act of the decipherment of hieroglyphs and, by the same, will sign the birth of a new discipline, Egyptology…
Jean-François was then 32 years old… In 1824, he was sent on a mission to the Turin Museum to establish the catalogue of the Drovetti Collection. Then, he returned to Italy in 1826 to appraise the Salt Collection. There, he met Ippolito Rosellini, who became his student and disciple. On May 15, 1826, he was appointed curator of the Egyptian section of the Charles X Museum (future Louvre Museum).
But what he wants more than anything is to go to Egypt to carry out a scientific mission… and this project will finally come to fruition…
The Franco-Tuscan Expedition, sponsored by Charles X and the Grand Duke of Tuscany, left Toulon on July 31, 1828, aboard “L’Eglé” and landed on the Egyptian coast on August 18, 1828. It is managed on the French side by Jean-François Champollion and on the Tuscan side by Ippolito Rosellini…
From July 1828 to December 1829, they explored the various ancient sites, from Alexandria to Abu Simbel and even as far as Wadi Halfa… During these eighteen months, the fourteen members – “scholars and technicians” – will have to learn to live and work together… As for the famous decipherer discovering his “promised land”, he finds himself surprised that his deciphering system works “in situ” and on monuments from all periods…
Thanks to Karine Madrigal’s excellent knowledge, combined with her passion and her undeniable talent as a “storyteller”, it is with joy that we relive, with her, this great and rich adventure from the beginnings of Egyptology…
This interview, prepared and produced by Marie Grillot, was filmed by Pascal Pelletier for Guinée-nouvelles and the Association for the Safeguarding of the Ramesseum (ASR). It was filmed at the French Archaeological Mission of Thebes West house in Malqatta, which Christian Leblanc was kind enough to make available… You can view it by clicking on the photo below:
3 Elements to the Egyptian concept of the soul: Ka, Ba, and Akh .___ ((Ka)) is the life force or spiritual double of the person. The royal Ka symbolized a pharaoh’s right to rule___((Ba)) is represented as a human-headed bird that leaves the body when a person dies.___((Akh)) was a concept of the dead that varied over the long history of ancient Egyptian belief, was associated with thought, but not as an action of the mind; rather, it was intellect as a living entity.
“May it see my corpse; may it rest on my mummy, Which will never be destroyed or perish.” PAPYRUS OF ANI, New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, Collection of The British Museum.
Our topic in this article is the Ba, the master of soul and body, and we have the chance to read an excellent interview by Marie Grillot with brilliant Michèle Juret and an introduction of her book about the secret of this bird and all we can get to know about it.
Inherkaou and his “ba”, represented in the burial chamber of the tomb of this team leader for the Master of the Deux-Terres TT 359 – Deir el-Medina – 20th dynasty – Ramses III Ramses IV “The ba-bird, Second Life in Ancient Egypt” by Michèle Juret – published by Books on Demand
A graduate of the École du Louvre and curator of the Montgeron Museum, Michèle Juret is notably “the” biographer of the Egyptologist Etienne Drioton, the last French director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service.
With her new publication: “The Ba-bird, Second Life in Ancient Egypt”, she devotes herself to a theme that is particularly dear to her since it was, from 2002, the subject of her research dissertation. Driven by her interest and passion for this entity flying “between two worlds”, she has never stopped researching and “taming” its multiple and diverse representations… Evoked in several chapters of the “Book of the Dead”, the ba-bird is found on the walls of tombs, on coffins, papyri, steles, statues, offering tables, or even on pectorals and amulets… As meticulously as it is applied, this well-documented study allows us to understand better this conception of “ba” so intimately – and specifically – linked to ancient Egypt…
Michèle Juret, author of “The Ba-bird, Second Life in Ancient Egypt” published by Books on Demand in May 2022
MG-EA: To understand what a “ba-bird” is, we must certainly first understand the importance of this “ba” entity in the conception of the personality of the ancient Egyptians.
Michèle Juret: First of all, I would like to thank you, Marie Grillot, for this interview, which allows us to discuss the essentials of this work, namely the observation of the iconography of the ba in the light of the funerary texts. As you say, it is first necessary to understand the importance of this fundamental entity, a guarantee of survival.
For the ancient Egyptians, the individual is made up of various elements: The body, immobilized by death, will remain in the grave. Ka, the vital force, draws its energy from food. The Akh, celestial spirit, magical power, can be beneficial or evil. The shadow will enjoy a certain independence. We commonly translate the ba by the word soul, although the concept is much more complex. An important element is that it is of divine nature. The Alter-ego of the deceased is essential to his survival.
MG-EA: The ba-bird generally presents itself as a composite, anthropo-cephalous being, that is to say, with a human head and a bird’s body: when did it appear, in this form, in the iconography?
Michèle Juret: This half-avian/half-human appearance is the culmination of a slow evolution. From the Old Kingdom, the king’s ba, named in the Pyramid Texts, appears in hieroglyphic writing as a wader with a loop at the base of the neck. In Middle Kingdom texts, it is seen as a bird with the head of the living (human) without this image appearing in the writing. Finally, some amulets and masks decorated with feathers date from this period, and then the rishi sarcophagi will become milestones towards this figure of an anthropo-cephalous bird that we will commonly encounter from the New Kingdom onwards.
Irynefer and her “ba”, represented in the burial chamber of the tomb of this servant in the Place of Truth. TT 290 – Deir el-Medina – 19th dynasty – Ramesses II
MG-EA: Indispensable to the survival of the being that death has immobilized the ba-bird, he enjoys total freedom… He can enter and leave the grave in, you write, “a moving interdependence with the deceased”? He thus becomes the guarantor of his “post-mortem” future?
Michèle Juret: Indeed, Le ba enjoys total freedom. He will be able to leave the tomb, climb into Ra’s boat, benefit from its rays, drink the regenerating water of the tree goddess, benefit from the food offerings… Every evening, he will rejoin the body of his deceased; their survival depends on their reunion… Observing this iconography transports us into an almost magical world. We follow the entity in its daily comings and goings, alone or accompanying its deceased, maintaining its own life through food offerings or providing this food for the deceased’s ka. Finally, it unites with it in an interdependent guarantee of survival.
Bird-ba of Youya – painted limestone – 18th dynasty – from his tomb KV 46 Cairo Museum – CG 51176
MG-EA: Evoked and invoked in several chapters of the Book of the Dead, associated with the cycle of the sun, it is itself endowed with several “becomings”?
Michèle Juret: Yes, in fact, several futures are possible for him. We have just mentioned the best and most probable, the second life as an alter-ego of the deceased. Let us remember that the post-mortem fate of the ancient Egyptians is complex. A solar destiny will allow him to follow Ra in his boat or a stellar one among the stars, and finally, an Osirian destiny will allow him to cultivate the fields of Ialou. How can we reconcile these notions, which seem contradictory? The ba-bird becomes the answer to this question and the link between these different post-mortem futures. His destiny is divine.
But he could be led towards another destiny linked to that of the heart, a very important element.
The texts also evoke the presence of the ba at the weighing of the heart, a scene of judgment also called psychostasis. In chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead, it is attested through Thoth’s words: “I have examined the heart of Osiris Ani while his ba presents himself, stands as a witness about him…” In the vignette from this papyrus, we see the ba-bird witnessing this judgment. Its future is linked to that of the heart. The Book of Caves gives a version of its annihilation if the heart is declared guilty. While this would be separated from the deceased and thrown into one cauldron, the ba and the shadow would be thrown into another. The deceased would be among the damned, those who no longer have a soul. Like that of the body, the destiny of the ba is linked to that of the heart key of life.
“Birds-ba” represented at the bottom right of this scene from the burial chamber of the tomb of Nebenmâat. servant of the Place of Truth – TT 219 – Deir el-Medina – 19th dynasty
MG-EA: Your research, targeted on the “ba-birds” of individuals from the New Kingdom, was based on a vast literature and the study of numerous of their representations: their iconography is rich and evolving, and the location where they take place, always full of meaning?
Michèle Juret: Yes, as you say, these representations are loaded with meaning. It was important to bring the iconography closer to the funerary texts. There, we find the reading keys. The analysis of the documentation fully reflects the different situations they express. Furthermore, the location of certain scenes on the tombs’ walls was not chosen randomly but determined according to the theme evoked.
MG-EA: You not only studied their adornments and hairstyle, but to refine their description and relate them to existing species, you also had to develop ornithological talents?
Michèle Juret: Ornaments and hairstyles allowed me, in some instances, to put forward a possible desire to identify with the deceased. Furthermore, observing the bodily appearance of these birds, another aspect of this study, highlighted different options in the choice of species depending on the chapters of the Book of the Dead that they illustrate. This observation proved fascinating, and I ventured to put forward some hypotheses. Unfortunately, I didn’t have the “ornithologist talents” you mentioned. A specialist from the Natural History Museum helped me a lot with this identification.
Raya and his “ba”, represented in the tomb of this Fourth Prophet of Amon TT 159 – Dra Abou el-Naga – 19th dynasty
MG-EA: Would you not be tempted, now, to take an interest in the “ba-birds” of the pharaohs and queens?
Michèle Juret: Obviously, it’s a subject that also deserves to be addressed. In this study, I was tempted to quickly evoke the ba-bird of Tutankhamun and especially that of Queen Nefertari, an extraordinary example. On the one hand, its extremely composite body appearance combines both falconiform and anseriform characteristics, two birds with solar connotations. On the other hand, its profile, resembling that of the queen and its crown, the remains of a vulture surmounted by the modius, reinforce this idea of a desire to identify the ba-bird with its deceased.
Nefertari and her “ba”, represented in the antechamber of the queen’s tomb TT 66 – Deir el-Medina – 19th dynasty – Ramesses II
This iconography fully reflects the importance of the ba in the Egyptian’s concerns for his post-mortem future. It will also be able to completely replace itself and become, in its place, as a substitute, the active element. Survival is in him. This is perfectly expressed on the stele of Neferhotep, which caught the attention of Etienne Drioton…
As we continue researching the precious heritages of ancient Egypt, we find more and more feminine Myths of the Goddesses! Here is another one: Anuket, Anouket, Anukis, the Goddess of Nil.
Anuket (or Anukis, her Greek name) is a Nubian goddess, represented as a lady with a crown of feathers or reeds, with a sceptre, and the well-known ankh of Ancient Egyptian culture. Her name means “she who embraces”, and she was venerated in Sehel and Elephantine. Cairo
Anuket, in Egyptian religion, is the patron deity of the Nile River. Anuket is usually depicted as a beautiful woman wearing a crown of reeds and ostrich feathers and accompanied by a gazelle. She was initially a Nubian deity.
Here, we read an article about a beautiful emblem of this fascinating Goddess by the brilliant Marie Grillot. I wish everybody a leisurely and peaceful Merry Christmas.💖🌹🥰
This emblem of Anouket in the Louvre attests to her cult in Deir-Medineh
Associated with the god Khnum and the goddess Satis, Anouket (Anoukis) is the third divinity of the triad of the First Cataract, or Elephantine triad. She is generally presented as “the daughter of the divine couple” or even “the wife of the god”.
In “Ancient Egypt and its Gods”, Jean-Pierre Corteggiani specifies that one of her titles is: “Mistress of To-Seti, that is to say of Nubia; she is sometimes called the Nubian, although there is no evidence that it actually originated in this region, one of its functions is to guard the southern border of Egypt… And he adds, “As a text from the temple of Edfu clearly explains, if it is up to Satis, assimilated to Sothis, to raise the beneficial flow, it falls to Anoukis (Anouqis) the equally essential task of reduce and thus allow, after the flood has receded, seeds to germinate and vegetation to grow on the land released by the waters.” Therefore, it depends on the food and subsistence of an entire people, a whole country… This can explain the reason for the spread of its cult towards the north, notably to Deir el-Medineh, where it was probably introduced “by the workers who worked in the granite quarries of Aswan.
Between the high walls of “Set Maât her imenty Ouaset” (“the Place of Truth to the west of Thebes”, today’s Deir el-Medineh), they lived between 60 and 120 families dedicated to digging and decorating tombs of royal necropolises. They had stone houses covered with palm leaf roofs, their own necropolis, and places of worship. Amon, Ptah, Meretseger, and Hathor were celebrated there, but other divinities also had their place. Indeed, as Guillemette Andreu points out in “The Artists of Pharaon”, “Khnoum and his two consorts, Satis and Anoukis, enjoyed great favour in the community, without us knowing if a particular sanctuary was built for them. Likely, one of the numerous devotional chapels located north of the site was occasionally used as a place of worship, but these cults appear essentially private and domestic.
“Two-faced” emblem of Anouket (Anoukis) – painted wood (tamarisk and shea) – 19th dynasty (around 1295 – 1186 BC) from Deir el-Medineh – Department of Egyptian Antiquities of the Louvre Museum – N 3534 by the acquisition of the Salt Collection in 1826 (Salt n°559) published here by Dominique Valbelle in BIFAO 75, 1975
This “two-faced” emblem of Anouket made “For the ka of the servant in the Place of truth, Pached, acquitted”, testifies to this cult. On the other hand, in their “Guide to Deir el-Medina”, Guillemette Andreu and Dominique Valbelle recall that “the procession of the emblem of Anouqet is represented in the chapel of the tomb of the team leader Neferhotep”.
Two things are striking in the representations of Anouket: her very particular headdress, we will come back to it, and, more strikingly, her resemblance to Hathor. “As D. Valbelle has shown, this object, whose appearance evokes that of a hathoric sistrum, illustrates a syncretism between Ânouket of Elephantine and Hathor of Diospolis Parva in the context of a local cult in Deir el- Medineh” recalls Christophe Barbotin in “Egyptian statues of the New Kingdom”.
It is made from tamarisk wood, is 27.5 cm high and 13.5 cm wide, and rests on a shea tree base. The support, comparable to a fluted column, is surrounded by horizontal lines. The head surmounts it – in fact, two heads, reproduced identically, “back to back” – of the Goddess. Her face takes the shape of a diamond with rounded contours. The widest part is at the level of the cow’s ears and the thinnest at the chin level. Her large eyes, stretched with a line of makeup, are painted black with a large dark iris, which leaves little space for the white of the eye. They are topped over their entire length by very arched eyebrows, hollow and encrusted with a black material. The nose is flat, and the mouth with drooping corners displays a slight difference on the two sides, one of the upper lip being thinner. The left side of one of the two faces is marked with a long and painful scar.
Anouket’s main attribute, which makes her immediately identifiable, is her high and generous headdress made of ostrich feathers. Christophe Barbotin precisely describes this: “The mortar, painted red with vertical white lines, is topped with feathers with traces of blue and red paint (seven feathers on each side, three on each edge). It is placed on a black-painted cap visible at the top of each face but not on the sides. The top of the feathers constitutes a perfectly flat surface.
This Anouket emblem dates from the 19th dynasty (c. 1295 – 1186 BC). It arrived at the Louvre Museum in 1826 through the acquisition by Charles X – for the sum of 250,000 francs – of the collection of the British consul Henry Salt. Jean-François Champollion will also go to Livorno to draw up a descriptive inventory of the 4014 objects, this one bearing the number 559. In his “Descriptive note of the Egyptian monuments of the Charles X Museum” (1827), he will present it under A.136, “Painted wood. Symbolic head of the goddess Anouké”. Today, it is exhibited in the Sully wing, in room 336, dedicated to the Nile, under inventory number N 3534.
Anouket Emblem https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010024883 Jean-Pierre Corteggiani, Ancient Egypt and its gods – Illustrated dictionary, Fayard 2007 Sylvie Guichard, Jean-François Champollion, Descriptive notice of the Egyptian monuments of the Charles 87-88, illus. p. 88, A. 136 Guillemette Andreu, The artists of Pharaon. Deir el-Medina and the Valley of the Kings, RMN; Brepols, 2002, p. 273, ill. p. 272, no. 221a -Andreu, Guillemette; Valbelle, Dominica, Guide to Deir el-Medina. A village of artists, Cairo, French Institute of Oriental Archeology (IFAO), 2022, p. 150, fig. 131 – Barbotin, Christophe, Egyptian statues of the New Kingdom, 1, Royal and divine statues, [Louvre Museum, Paris], Paris, Louvre éditions / éditions Khéops, 2007, p. 146-147, figs. 1-15 p. 238-241, no. 85 Dominique Valbelle, Testimonies of the New Kingdom on the cults of Satis and Anoukis at Elephantine and at Deir el-Médineh, Bulletin of the French Institute of Oriental Archeology (BIFAO), 75, 1975, p. 123-145, https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/75/7/, p. 141-145, figs. 7, pl. XXI-XXIIII, Doc. 10 Jean-François Champollion, Descriptive notice of the Egyptian monuments of the Charles X Museum, Paris, Imprimerie de Crapelet, 1827, p. 7, A.136 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1040365n
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